1 The basic theory of tea tree pruning
During the growth and development of tea plants, vegetative growth and reproductive growth, the growth of the above ground and underground parts, and the growth of the main branches and lateral branches are mutually balanced and mutually restrictive growth relationships. The main purpose of people to cultivate tea trees is to provide a large number of young shoots. Therefore, various means must be adopted. Such as: tea tree nutrient supply, auxin regulation, adoption, farming management, pruning and other technical measures to break this balance and promote vegetative growth, to achieve the role of multiple sprouting leaves, which pruning is an important measure.
1.1 The role of pruning in tea tree physiology:
1.1.1 Adjusting the distribution of auxin, releasing the apical dominance and promoting the germination and growth of lateral buds
In plants, auxins often promote growth at low concentrations, but at slightly higher concentrations, they inhibit growth. Since auxin transport has a polar conduction mode, for example, the indole acetic acid in the bud can only be conducted downward from the upper end, and the root secreting cytokinin can only conduct upwardly and cannot be reversed. In the production, people use this principle to trim and pick and topping, and to break through the “top advantage†of the tea tree and control the height of the main branch, which is conducive to promoting the growth of lateral buds and expanding the picking surface.
1.1.2 Clipping The development of the older part of the stage to promote the development of new shoots flourishing stage by stage theory, the older the stem of plants, the younger the stage development is the youngest. On the contrary, the upper shoots of the stems grow older as they age. The pruning can not only relieve the apical dominance, but also cut off the older parts of the stage to promote the development of a relatively large number of young shoots in the lower stage, which will help increase the yield.
1.1.3 Improving the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in tea trees, controlling reproductive growth, and promoting vegetative growth Pruning and cutting off the upper part of the carbon-rich part of the tree to replace the old one with a new one is a method of changing the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the shoot tip of the tea tree. After the pruning, the new shoots germinated, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is small, which is conducive to vegetative growth, reducing flowering results and increasing fresh leaf yield.
1.1.4 The balance relationship between the aerial part and the underground part promotes the root and stem ratio of the vigorous growth of the above-ground part of the tea tree. The ratio of the seedling stage is approximately 1.5-2:1, and the adult period is approximately 1:1. When shearing - part of the canopy and artificially strongly breaking this balance, the root activity is strengthened, and the absorption of sucking fat is enhanced, thereby promoting and stimulating the vigorous growth of the aboveground part.
1.1.5 Effect of tea tree pruning on biochemical composition of fresh leaves
Tea tree pruning changes and destroys the physiological balance of the tea tree and changes the biochemical state of the tea tree in a certain period of time. The first step is to increase the moisture content of the leaf by 2%-3%; the second is to increase the total amount of tea polyphenols by about 1.5. About 3%, the content of lipid catechins decreased; 3, the content of amino acids in the xylem of the tea tree changed, and the proportion of the contents was temporarily unbalanced. After the percentage of normal buds increased, the proportion of the contents also recovered to a reasonable ratio, and the tea quality after pruning was improved. has seen an increase.
2 The advantages and disadvantages of pruning after spring tea
2.1 Advantages
2.1.1 In the case of a serious shortage of tea-picking labor force, pruning after taking spring tea is conducive to easing tensions in the tea-picking workforce. In recent years, a large number of rural young and strong laborers have shifted to urban industries and services to tertiary industries, and they have struggled with agriculture. Labor force. Lack of agricultural labor force, especially the labor-intensive tea industry is even more serious, and no one is collecting tea. Large tea growers and farmers have watched as tea buds germinate, grow, and become old branches. The money that is about to enter the pockets is wasted. They have to reluctantly cut the summer tea and ease the strain on the tea-picking workforce.
2.1.2 After the pruning of spring tea is conducive to reduce the pests and diseases, spray dosage, and reduce the effect of pesticide residues. June coin is the peak season of insect pests. The young shoots are trimmed and the old leaves are old. For small green leafhoppers that like young tea buds as food, they have to survive the environmental conditions and avoid the high pest occurrence period, so as to reduce the use of drugs and reduce Effect of drug residues.
2.2 Adverse aspects
Pruning after spring tea surely reduces the production and economic income of summer tea. In summer tea production, the temperature gradually rises after the beginning of summer, the rainfall is relatively destructive, the tea buds germinate quickly, the vitality is vigorous, and the production season lasts for more than 100 days. The survey of summer tea production in the Czech Republic accounts for about 50% of the total annual output, and the production value accounts for about 35% of the annual total output value. When the spring tea is over, pruning is performed from around mid-May, and new shoots on the canopy are cut off. According to the physiological characteristics of tea trees, the process of recovery after one month of trimming is about to resume. Because the original descent/bud advantage has been cut off, waiting for the latent buds to re-emerged under the branches. This means that the summer tea production period is postponed, and no tea is available for about 30-40 days. After the tea buds are sprouting, they are experiencing the mid-July and July high-temperature seasons. The tea tree has already experienced spring tea-plume sprouting. The nutrients in the roots of the tea tree have been greatly reduced, and the tree itself is deprived of nutrients. Even if the tea buds germinate, they will soon mature. It is easy to age and form a pair of leaves with one bud, one bud and two leaves. It cannot be harvested and is wasted on the production of quarterly summer tea and loss of fresh leaf income. It is not advisable to significantly reduce corporate profits and farmers' income, and it is not conducive to the sustainable development of the tea industry.
3 The choice of pruning period
Whether the tea tree pruning period is appropriate or not will directly affect the amount of new shoot shoots after pruning. The most suitable period should be determined by a comprehensive analysis of the conditions such as tea growth period, climatic conditions, and tea varieties.
3.1 Tea tree growth period
Tea tree pruning effect is closely related to tree nutrient status, especially the content of root nutrient plays a decisive role in the growth of the ground after cutting. To this end, the nutritional status of tea tree is an important biological basis for the optimal time of pruning. The appropriate pruning period should be selected when the content of nutrients in the pruned leaves is small, and the period when the root nutrients are stored most. According to the test results, it was found that when the tea tree enters the dormancy period in winter, the nutrient of the leaves begins to gradually transfer to the lower branches, to the old branches, and finally to the roots to accumulate. According to the results of the China Tea Research Institute, the starch content of young tea plants in different stages is different. The sampling period is divided into the end of February, April, June, end of August, end of October and end of December. The data showed that the root carbohydrate content reached its maximum before the spring tea (end of February). It depended on the supply of nutrients from the roots for spring tea germination and tea tree pruning. It can be seen that there is a sufficient material basis for the roots of spring tea before germination, and pruning should be selected one month before the spring tea germination is the period with the least impact. After one month, the tea buds germinate. At this time, the temperature is gradually rising and the rainwater is increasing. It is an appropriate period for the growth of tea trees. Tea trees are restored quickly after pruning, and new shoots have a longer season to germinate. It is reasonable to increase spring tea production and improve quality. Can be based on.
3.2 climatic conditions
The period of pruning should be determined according to the climatic conditions of each place. In the Guangxi Guinan tea area (except for the alpine tea area), the winter temperatures are high, and generally there is no tea area where frost damage occurs. It can be in December to the following year after the end of the tea season. In January, because the tea tree was rested for 1-2 months, photosynthesis accumulated more nutrients and was more suitable for pruning. In alpine mountain areas and tea gardens where cold damage occurs frequently, winter and early spring are vulnerable to freezing damage. In order to prevent the freezing of cold shoots, spring pruning should be postponed, or the height of the tree canopy (deep pruning) should be used to improve cold resistance. Avoid the threat of frost damage from early spring tea sprouts and it is worth referring to tea farmers.
3.3 Tea varieties
Tea tree pruning should be based on the specialties of the varieties, especially considering germination sooner or later. General germination early, pruning should be accordingly ahead of schedule. Instead, postpone the pruning period. For example, some early shoots of Guihua No. 1, Wunizao, and Fuyun No. 6 planted in the tea region of Guangxi have the characteristics of early germination. Early spring pruning should be carried out in advance; and late buds such as Lingyun, Paishi, Yunnan, etc. Varieties, Fuding Daka Tea, and local varieties all around have the feature of germination late and can be trimmed later. In short, the author believes that the above three factors must be taken into consideration before pruning the tea tree. According to the actual situation, it should be handled flexibly. No matter what - tea season pruning should refer to these technical factors.
4 tea tree should be pruned with the technical measures
Regardless of the tea season, tea tree pruning is based on the comprehensive management of soil, fertilizer, and water in the tea plantation. Based on the natural conditions, age, and species growth habits, the tea tree nutrients are properly controlled and adjusted so that nutrients are obtained. Reasonable use and distribution of a measure. In order to achieve the desired effect of pruning, the following cultivation measures should be coordinated.
4.1 Pruning must be coordinated with fertilizer and water management
Pruning is a serious trauma to the growth of tea trees. Pruned branches lose a lot of nutrients, and a large number of new shoots are cut after cutting. This depends to a large extent on the nutrients stored in the roots. In order to allow roots to continue to grow above the ground for growth and to ensure that the roots themselves grow, sufficient fertilizer and water are needed. Therefore, before trimming (or cutting), a large amount of organic fertilizer should be applied, and appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be used. When the new shoots germinate, the topdressing bud fertilizer should be applied in a timely manner. Only in this way can the new shoots be robust and be quickly transferred to vigorous growth. Growth can give full play to the proper effect of pruning. Therefore, in the production practice, we have summed up the experience of “without fat or tree reformâ€. Otherwise, the pruning effect is not good and has little effect, and it is worthy of attention by tea farmers.
4.2 Pruning should be combined with mining
In the South Guangxi and Guangxi North tea regions, after spring tea, pruning is mostly done with light pruning, which can maintain a high degree of canopy, and the new shoots can be restored after cutting to restore the normal production of tea. In the picking technique, the method of “mainly adopting and adopting as support†is applied. Implement the principle of leaving fish leaf, mining, timely mining, early-early mining, batch mining, standard mining, mining uniform mining, no leakage, try to restore the yield loss caused by trimming. Deep pruning, heavy pruning or Taiwan tea tree harvesting management, to cultivate the main canopy, the implementation of the principle of "mainly based on cultivation, picking supplemented, top-down in batches, adoption and integration", and re-cultivation picking surface. After the tea season is maintained in the two tea seasons and the tree crown is cultivated to a reasonable, high-yielding tree shape, it can be officially mined and put into production.
4.3 pruning tea should pay attention to pest control
Tea tree canopy trimmed shoots after germination, due to the growth of new shoots, lush foliage, fat shoots, is a good breeding ground for pests and diseases. In particular, tea leaves, small green leafhoppers, tea stem borers, tea leaf moths, tea shoot moths, bud blight, etc., which harm young shoots and new leaves, must be observed for pest observation and timely control to ensure the healthy growth of new shoots. At the same time, weeds should be cleared of weeds around the tea plantation in a timely manner to destroy pest breeding sites and achieve the ideal effect of pest control and pruning.
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