Abstract: The color of 36 ornamental sunflowers was divided into two categories, namely yellow and red, using the Royal Horticultural Society's Colorimetric Card (RHSCC) and spectrophotometer. The variation of the color of the red sunflower is small; the variation of the yellow sunflower is larger. Yellow sunflowers can be divided into two sub-categories of lemon yellow and orange yellow. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that there were 9 kinds of anthocyanins contained in the test materials, but only one of the 9 anthocyanins could be detected in all samples. Multi-stage mass spectrometry analysis of the anthocyanin extract of red sunflower petals revealed that the anthocyanin type was mainly cyanidin, and its glycoside type was mainly glycosidic acid combined with glucose, rhamnose and/or arabinose. However, these anthocyanins were not detected in pure yellow sunflower, indicating that the cornflower anthocyanins are the chemical basis for the red sunflower tongue to appear red.
Key words: sunflower; ornamental sunflower; ligature flower; flower color; polymorphism; anthocyanin
1 Materials and sampling test materials were planted in the Sunflower Planting Experimental Base of Daxing District, Beijing Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the flowering period of sunflower from June to July 2006, the flower discs of healthy growing plants were selected, and the flower shape and other traits were recorded with the OLYMPUS C730UZ camera. All the lingual flowers of the flower disc were taken out, and the petals with the obvious two colors were cut out with scissors, and stored in the fresh-keeping bags respectively, and a total of 172 test materials were obtained. The petals stored in the fresh-keeping bag were ground with liquid nitrogen after measuring their color, and stored in a refrigerator at -40 °C for use.
2 Methods The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC) was used for preliminary color measurement. RHSCC divides the color from yellow-green to purple-brown into several orders of magnitude (1, 2, ..., 80, 81, 82) and divides each order into four levels (A, B, C, D). After the flowers are collected, the fresh petals are taken. The middle part of the tongue is compared with the RHSCC card under natural light, and the RHSCC value of the petal is represented by the code closest to the color on the color chart (Voss, 1992; Wang et al. , 2004).
The measurement was carried out by a spectrophotometer (Model NF333, manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd., light source C /2°) according to the International Comm ission on Illumination (CIE) color system. The color C IE L3 a3 b3 color system has a lightness L3 value, a hue a3 value, and a hue b3 value on a three-dimensional chromaticity coordinate system, and the L3 axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the a3 axis and the b3 axis. During the change of L3 value from 0 to 100, the brightness is gradually increased from black to bright; the red and green attribute a3 value changes from negative value to positive value, indicating green decrease red enhancement; yellow and blue attribute b3 value is changed from small to large, indicating The blue fades yellow enhancement. The chroma C3 and the hue angle h are calculated according to the formula: C3 = ( a3 2 + b3 2 ) 1 /2 , h = arctan ( b3 /a3 ). The C3 value represents the vertical distance to the L3 axis, and the greater the distance, the greater the chroma (Voss, 1992; W ang et al., 2004). The middle part of the linguistic flower was measured by the light collecting hole of the spectrophotometer, and the color L3 a3 b3 data was repeatedly measured 5 times, and the average value was taken (Bai Xinxiang et al., 2006).
The test samples were subjected to qualitative analysis of anthocyanins using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MSn) using an Agilent 1100 LC / MSD Trap VL system. Analytical conditions: The column was the same as above; the column temperature was 35 °C, the flow rate was 018 mL·m in -1 , and the injection volume was 10 μL. The mobile phase consisted of solution A: an aqueous solution of 011% trifluoroacetic acid; and B solution: methanol. Anthocyanin analysis program: 0m in, 40% B; 40 m in, 85% B; 50 m in, 40% B, detection wavelength 520 nm. Electrospray ionization (ESI), ion trap analyzer, positive ion detection mode, full ion scan, scan range (m /z): 100 to 1 000; Select ion detection (SI M ) to monitor MSn fragments. Capillary voltage 3 500 V, nebulizer pressure 214 × 105 Pa, capillary outlet voltage 12014 V, drying temperature 350 ° C, dry gas (N2) flow rate 810 L·m in - 1 , CID cracking energy 30%. LC / MSD Trap software version 512. The structure of anthocyanins in the samples was inferred from existing literature data (Cuyckens & Claeys, 2004; Eichhorn & W interhalter, 2005; Tian et al., 2005; Montoro et al., 2006).
3 Conclusions and Discussion Flower color is one of the important basis for the classification of ornamental plants. People often classify flowers according to visual methods. However, due to the different classification criteria of colors, people's visual differences are different, so it is difficult to judge the color of flowers. At present, more objective methods for measuring flower color are color card colorimetry and instrument color measurement (Hashimoto et al., 2000). As a new type of ornamental flower, sunflower has little research on flower color. In this paper, the color of sunflower is studied by RHSCC color chart and spectrophotometer. The color of sunflower is mainly divided into red and yellow, and Yellow sunflowers are initially divided into orange and lemon yellow. These results provide a means of understanding the diversity of ornamental sunflower germplasm resources, and provide a practical tool for evaluating flower traits for genetic breeding research.
Charles and Sando (1925) and Schneiter (1997) both point out that the red color of sunflower buds is caused by anthocyanins. For the first time, the authors used high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to find that the species of anthocyanins in sunflowers is extremely complex. Through analysis of high performance liquid chromatograms and LC/MS spectra, the authors determined that anthocyanins are mainly cornflower pigments, most of which are some of the sugars of cyanidin, arabinose and rhamnose. body. The authors conducted a preliminary quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in sunflower and found that the color of the flowers darkened with the increase of the total anthocyanin content (L3 gradually increased), indicating that the formation of red in red sunflowers may be due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. In different colors of sunflower, the types and relative contents of various anthocyanins vary. Yellow sunflowers mostly contain anthocyanin G, while red sunflowers contain one or several anthocyanins other than G. In particular, the content of anthocyanin C is relatively high in red sunflower, which can be preliminarily analyzed. The difference in the content and species of anthocyanins makes the sunflower flower color richly mutated. Colorful colors.
In addition to the structural differences in anthocyanins, factors affecting flower color are also affected by flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids and organic acids (B rouillard & Dangles, 1994; Grotewold, 2006) and metal ions such as A in vacuoles. l, Fe, Mg, Cd, Zn, Co and Ni, etc., the influence of pH on cell fluid (Marrs et al., 1995; Mol et al., 1998). In addition, the shape of the petal epidermal cells also affects the expression of anthocyanins, so the study of sunflower color and anthocyanin remains to be further studied.
Source: Horticulture Journal
Author: Zhang Yuanyuan Liu Hui Zhang Qi Dongmei Wang Liang raw red Lichong Hui Zhang Jie Liu commune
Key words: sunflower; ornamental sunflower; ligature flower; flower color; polymorphism; anthocyanin
1 Materials and sampling test materials were planted in the Sunflower Planting Experimental Base of Daxing District, Beijing Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the flowering period of sunflower from June to July 2006, the flower discs of healthy growing plants were selected, and the flower shape and other traits were recorded with the OLYMPUS C730UZ camera. All the lingual flowers of the flower disc were taken out, and the petals with the obvious two colors were cut out with scissors, and stored in the fresh-keeping bags respectively, and a total of 172 test materials were obtained. The petals stored in the fresh-keeping bag were ground with liquid nitrogen after measuring their color, and stored in a refrigerator at -40 °C for use.
2 Methods The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC) was used for preliminary color measurement. RHSCC divides the color from yellow-green to purple-brown into several orders of magnitude (1, 2, ..., 80, 81, 82) and divides each order into four levels (A, B, C, D). After the flowers are collected, the fresh petals are taken. The middle part of the tongue is compared with the RHSCC card under natural light, and the RHSCC value of the petal is represented by the code closest to the color on the color chart (Voss, 1992; Wang et al. , 2004).
The measurement was carried out by a spectrophotometer (Model NF333, manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd., light source C /2°) according to the International Comm ission on Illumination (CIE) color system. The color C IE L3 a3 b3 color system has a lightness L3 value, a hue a3 value, and a hue b3 value on a three-dimensional chromaticity coordinate system, and the L3 axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the a3 axis and the b3 axis. During the change of L3 value from 0 to 100, the brightness is gradually increased from black to bright; the red and green attribute a3 value changes from negative value to positive value, indicating green decrease red enhancement; yellow and blue attribute b3 value is changed from small to large, indicating The blue fades yellow enhancement. The chroma C3 and the hue angle h are calculated according to the formula: C3 = ( a3 2 + b3 2 ) 1 /2 , h = arctan ( b3 /a3 ). The C3 value represents the vertical distance to the L3 axis, and the greater the distance, the greater the chroma (Voss, 1992; W ang et al., 2004). The middle part of the linguistic flower was measured by the light collecting hole of the spectrophotometer, and the color L3 a3 b3 data was repeatedly measured 5 times, and the average value was taken (Bai Xinxiang et al., 2006).
The test samples were subjected to qualitative analysis of anthocyanins using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MSn) using an Agilent 1100 LC / MSD Trap VL system. Analytical conditions: The column was the same as above; the column temperature was 35 °C, the flow rate was 018 mL·m in -1 , and the injection volume was 10 μL. The mobile phase consisted of solution A: an aqueous solution of 011% trifluoroacetic acid; and B solution: methanol. Anthocyanin analysis program: 0m in, 40% B; 40 m in, 85% B; 50 m in, 40% B, detection wavelength 520 nm. Electrospray ionization (ESI), ion trap analyzer, positive ion detection mode, full ion scan, scan range (m /z): 100 to 1 000; Select ion detection (SI M ) to monitor MSn fragments. Capillary voltage 3 500 V, nebulizer pressure 214 × 105 Pa, capillary outlet voltage 12014 V, drying temperature 350 ° C, dry gas (N2) flow rate 810 L·m in - 1 , CID cracking energy 30%. LC / MSD Trap software version 512. The structure of anthocyanins in the samples was inferred from existing literature data (Cuyckens & Claeys, 2004; Eichhorn & W interhalter, 2005; Tian et al., 2005; Montoro et al., 2006).
3 Conclusions and Discussion Flower color is one of the important basis for the classification of ornamental plants. People often classify flowers according to visual methods. However, due to the different classification criteria of colors, people's visual differences are different, so it is difficult to judge the color of flowers. At present, more objective methods for measuring flower color are color card colorimetry and instrument color measurement (Hashimoto et al., 2000). As a new type of ornamental flower, sunflower has little research on flower color. In this paper, the color of sunflower is studied by RHSCC color chart and spectrophotometer. The color of sunflower is mainly divided into red and yellow, and Yellow sunflowers are initially divided into orange and lemon yellow. These results provide a means of understanding the diversity of ornamental sunflower germplasm resources, and provide a practical tool for evaluating flower traits for genetic breeding research.
Charles and Sando (1925) and Schneiter (1997) both point out that the red color of sunflower buds is caused by anthocyanins. For the first time, the authors used high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to find that the species of anthocyanins in sunflowers is extremely complex. Through analysis of high performance liquid chromatograms and LC/MS spectra, the authors determined that anthocyanins are mainly cornflower pigments, most of which are some of the sugars of cyanidin, arabinose and rhamnose. body. The authors conducted a preliminary quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in sunflower and found that the color of the flowers darkened with the increase of the total anthocyanin content (L3 gradually increased), indicating that the formation of red in red sunflowers may be due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. In different colors of sunflower, the types and relative contents of various anthocyanins vary. Yellow sunflowers mostly contain anthocyanin G, while red sunflowers contain one or several anthocyanins other than G. In particular, the content of anthocyanin C is relatively high in red sunflower, which can be preliminarily analyzed. The difference in the content and species of anthocyanins makes the sunflower flower color richly mutated. Colorful colors.
In addition to the structural differences in anthocyanins, factors affecting flower color are also affected by flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids and organic acids (B rouillard & Dangles, 1994; Grotewold, 2006) and metal ions such as A in vacuoles. l, Fe, Mg, Cd, Zn, Co and Ni, etc., the influence of pH on cell fluid (Marrs et al., 1995; Mol et al., 1998). In addition, the shape of the petal epidermal cells also affects the expression of anthocyanins, so the study of sunflower color and anthocyanin remains to be further studied.
Source: Horticulture Journal
Author: Zhang Yuanyuan Liu Hui Zhang Qi Dongmei Wang Liang raw red Lichong Hui Zhang Jie Liu commune
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