BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION
Type II diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, etc. According to the International Diabetes Federation, there were 415 million diabetic patients worldwide in 2015. It is estimated that by 2035, the data will be It may reach 592 million.
At present, the treatment of type 2 diabetes is mainly drug-assisted diet and exercise, while commercially available hypoglycemic agents such as metformin, glibenclamide and acarbose have a certain degree of side effects. Therefore, natural sources and side effects are small. The hypoglycemic drugs are expected to open up new markets for type 2 diabetes.
H. attenuatum Choisy is a perennial herb, also known as stable grass, widely distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu and other places in China. The folks use the dry whole grass as medicine, which has the effects of stopping bleeding, analgesic, prolactin and anti-arrhythmia. But its role in diabetes is not very clear.
The intestinal flora, which is one of the basic components of the human body, has been considered as the "second largest gene" for regulating human health. Intestinal flora disorder has a great impact on the metabolism of the body. According to existing research reports, intestinal flora imbalance can have a great impact on type 2 diabetes. H. Whether attenuatum Choisy can improve diabetes by affecting the intestinal flora is still a mystery.
Based on the above background, the laboratory studied H. by establishing a mouse model of type II diabetes. Therapeutic effect of attenuatum Choisy on type 2 diabetes, and studied H. The hypoglycemic mechanism of attenuatum Choisy extract and its effect on intestinal flora of type 2 diabetic mice. The results of this research have recently been published in the internationally renowned journal "Journal of Functional Foods" (IF = 3.47; Food Science and Technology Zone 1, Engineering Technology Zone 2). (Jin DX, et al., Hypoglycemic effect of Hypericum attenuatum Choisy extracts on type 2 diabetes by regulating glucolipid metabolism and modulating gut microbiota. Journal of Functional Foods, 2019, 52, 479-491)
ABSTRACT
The study first established a T2DM mouse model by high-fat diet + high-dose injection of STZ, and administered T2DM mice at different doses (low (100 mg/kg/day), medium (200 mg/kg/day), high ( H. 300 mg/kg/day)) Attenuatum Choisy extract, and observe changes in body weight, diet, fasting blood glucose and other indicators in type 2 diabetic mice. It was found that H. Attenuatum Choisy extract improves T2DM-induced mouse body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) -C) and so on.
By detecting the expression of genes related to glycolipid metabolism such as (PEPCK, G6Pase, GS, HMGCR, CYP7A1), the study found that H. Attenuatum Choisy extract treatment can increase glucose uptake and utilization efficiency in T2DM mice by increasing glycogen synthesis and reducing gluconeogenesis. To clarify H. Attenuatum Choisy improved the mechanism of insulin resistance in T2DM mice. We examined the expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) in the insulin signaling pathway and found that H. Attenuatum Choisy extract promotes phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the liver of T2DM mice. We continued to detect the downstream factor PI3K of IRS-1 and the downstream regulator of AKT of PI3K in insulin signaling. Attenuatum Choisy extract activates the PI3K-AKT pathway and further activates phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β) in liver tissue to promote glycogen synthesis. The liver and pancreas tissues of each group of mice were stained by HE. The results showed that the pancreatic islet β cells in the pancreas of T2DM mice were irregularly arranged, the outline was not clear, the islets were pyknotic, and the islet cell vacuolar degeneration was accompanied by H. Attenuatum Choisy extract can improve pancreatic tissue damage in T2DM mice; HE staining of liver tissue revealed hepatic vacuolar degeneration, edema and even hepatocyte necrosis in the liver of T2DM mice, accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration; however, H . The liver of the mouse treated with attenuatum Choisy extract showed normal liver tissue morphology.
Because T2DM is often accompanied by a series of symptoms such as β-cell dysfunction, chronic inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, and early HE staining showed that the liver of T2DM mice showed obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, we detected the liver and adipose tissue in T2DM mice. The expression of inflammatory factors (including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory factors was increased in liver and adipose tissue of T2DM mice, while H. Attenuatum Choisy extract can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in liver and adipose tissue of T2DM mice.
Next, to determine H. Whether the attenuatum Choisy extract affects the intestinal flora of T2DM mice, and thus plays a certain auxiliary role in the hypoglycemic effect. We performed 16S rDNA sequencing on the intestinal contents in the small intestine and large intestine of each group of mice. Found, H. Attenuatum Choisy extract has a certain effect on the intestinal flora of T2DM mice, H. The abundance of some flora (such as Lactobacillales, Bifidobacteriales, etc.) in the intestine of mice treated with attenuatum Choisy extract may play a role in improving T2DM.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one of the major metabolites of the intestinal flora and play an important role in maintaining host health. Studies have shown that the occurrence of T2DM is closely related to the reduction of SCFAs produced in feces, in order to further determine H. Whether the attenuatum Choisy extract has an effect on the intestinal flora metabolites, we examined changes in the content of SCFAs in the intestinal contents. It was found that H. Attenuatum Choisy extract improves the reduction of SCFAs (including acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, shikimic acid) caused by T2DM. SCFAs can lower the pH of the intestinal environment, while the acidified intestinal environment can limit the growth of some pathogenic bacteria, which may be in the T2DM group of mice and H. A key reason for the different intestinal flora of mice treated with attenuatum Choisy extract. In addition, the content of SCFAs (such as acetic acid, butyric acid) may be positively correlated with the expression of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) in the small intestine. Therefore, H. The effects of attenuatum Choisy extract on the intestinal flora and even its metabolites in T2DM mice may have a certain alleviation effect on T2DM.
In short, this study is H. Attenuatum Choisy provides an important theoretical basis for the treatment of diabetes, in order to improve H. The application value of attenuatum Choisy lays a solid foundation.
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