Pollution-free tea production technology

Non-polluted tea refers to harmful substances in tea products, including pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms, and other quality indicators meet the requirements of national standards, and does not harm public health. Tea is the major source of poverty alleviation and local financial income for mountainous people. Further optimization of tea structure and development of pollution-free tea is an important measure to adapt to market changes, enhance competitiveness, increase farmers' income, and promote the sustainable development of the tea industry. With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, people’s nutrition and health awareness have been increasingly enhanced. As a natural health drink, tea has attracted people’s attention for its quality and safety. Therefore, whether the sanitation quality of tea, especially the problem of pesticide residues, can be properly solved, in a sense, is directly related to the rise and fall of the tea industry in the county, the Quanchuan tea industry, and the national tea industry; therefore, active measures are actively taken. The vigorous development of pollution-free tea has become a must. I. Selection and construction of pollution-free tea bases (1) Basic environmental conditions of production bases As pollution-free tea production bases, the following environmental preconditions must be met: 1. The quality of atmospheric environment should meet the requirements of the first-grade standard specified in GB 3095-1996. The irrigation quality of the base should meet the water quality requirements for dry farmland irrigation as stipulated in GB5084-1992. The soil has good texture, no pollution, and meets the standards. 2. There are no other direct or indirect sources of pollution away from towns, factories and surrounding areas. 3. The basic site conditions for good growth of tea plants are soil pH 4.5-6.5, deep soil layer, effective soil layer more than 80cm, abundant nutrients and balance, organic matter content in 0-45cm soil layer ≥15g/Kg, Effective nitrogen content ≥ 20mg/Kg, effective potassium content ≥ 100mg/Kg, available phosphorus content ≥ 20mg/Kg, magnesium, zinc and other elements are not lacking. The groundwater level is less than 100cm, the annual precipitation is more than 1300mm, the accumulated temperature above 10°C is greater than 3700°C, and the relative humidity is 80% or more per year. 4. The production, processing, storage sites and surrounding venues should be kept clean and sanitary. (2) The tea base selection of pollution-free tea gardens should be selected in the eugenic zone of tea. At the same time, the following conditions should be met: 1. The tea-planting area has a good ecological environment, no parasitic plants, and fewer tea pests and diseases. 2. If a ready-to-use tea plantation is harvested, it must have good cultivation and management practices. In the near future, it will not apply fertilizers or chemical fertilizers, chemical synthetic pesticides, or herbicides. 3. The tea gardens are concentrated into pieces, have a certain scale, and are growing well. There is a certain isolation zone between the pollution-free production of tea plants and other conventional agricultural production land. 4. Tea varieties can adapt to the soil and climatic conditions of our county and have strong resistance to pests and diseases. Newly built tea gardens should also select mountainous areas that meet the above conditions and establish a high standard of good-quality tea plantations. (3) Planning of tea gardens 1. After the land of the tea garden plots is selected, the land should be divided according to the natural conditions such as topography and slope, and the size of the blocks should not exceed 10 mu. The length of the tea line should not exceed 50 m. 2. The road system is set to facilitate the management and transportation of tea gardens. According to the overall layout, trunk roads and secondary roads need to be set up and connected to each other. 3, drainage and irrigation system settings According to the size of the tea garden area, planning the corresponding reservoir; also repair the drainage ditch, each ladder should have back ditch, each site should have side ditch, side ditch and main ditch connected, back ditch and side Ditch connected. 4. Contours of sloped tea gardens The slopes with a gradient of 15° to 25° should be leveled with a stepped tea garden with a minimum width of 1.5m and a plant with 2 rows of tea trees should be about 3m. (4) After the tea plantation land has been reclaimed, we must first clean up the weeds, trees, rocks, mounds, etc. on the ground; then we must reclaim the weeds, roots, perennial roots, etc. at a depth of more than 50 m; A reclamation, further clean up the ground, the depth of rehabilitation more than 30m. (5) Applying base fertilizers Deep application of base fertilizers is to deepen the living soil layer, creating favorable conditions for the extension of the tea tree root system, and providing sufficient fertilizer for the growth and development of tea plants. Generally more than 50m deep, combined with the application of a certain amount of organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium with appropriate. For example, the fertilizer is 1500~2500Kg per mu, or 200~300Kg of oil and 50~100Kg of phosphate fertilizer. Mix fertilizer and soil, then cover the soil to 5~10cm above the ground. (6) The construction and maintenance of the tea garden ecological environment should scientifically and reasonably plant trees suitable for tea trees around the tea area and the tea garden and on both sides of the road to create a shelterbelt; also, tea-based, intercropping other crops, and different levels of three-dimensional Structure and tea garden complex ecosystem. This can form a good protective barrier, can effectively resist the pollution of some industrial waste gases, play a role in shade, wind and cold resistance, and can regulate and improve the tea garden microclimate, increase soil organic matter in tea gardens, improve soil structure, improve soil fertility, and prevent Soil and water loss has made the environment of the tea garden optimized and will also help improve the quality of the tea. At the same time, it also creates a good ecological environment for birds and natural enemies, thus laying the foundation for biological control of tea plant diseases and pests. In the selection of trees or inter-plant species, crop plants with different plant heights, different root depths, and different nutritive characteristics should be considered. High-level trees should be selected for rapid growth, broad crowns, sparse leaves, winter deciduous, deep-rooted roots, no common pests and diseases, economic forests, fruit trees, such as persimmon, plum, pear and other fruit trees and pine, Acacia, Acacia, etc. In economic forests, low-level interplanting of dwarfs, Portuguese legumes, and green manures that do not affect the growth of tea plants. Second, the cultivation of pollution-free tea trees (A) to select suitable varieties to establish pollution-free production of tea plantations, should be selected for the county's growth of provincial or national thoroughbred species, and has high yield, high quality, strong resistance, early buds, characteristics such as trimming and other characteristics Characteristics of the fine varieties. Before planting, the quality inspection and plant quarantine of seedlings must be carried out in accordance with the standards of GB 11767-89 Tea Seeds and Seedlings. At present, there are Fuding Dabai Tea, Fu Xuan No. 9, Mingshan 131 and so on. (B) The planting of double lines in proper planting: 1. Large row spacing 150cm, small row spacing 33~45cm, plant spacing 20~33cm, 2 plants per hole, 6000~8000 plants per acre; 2. Large row spacing 150cm, small row spacing 45cm , Plant spacing 17cm, 1 plant per hole, 6000 plants per acre. (3) Transplanting of tea plants 1. Land preparation: Shallow earthworms should first be planted, and fine soil should be planted in the ditch. Then the ropes should be pulled and the ditch should be laid in rows and rows with a depth of about 10cm. 2. Transplanting time: Our county chose high humidity and high soil moisture from September to early October. 3, Transplanting Essentials: When the height of tea seedlings is not less than 30cm, stem diameter is not less than 3mm when the seedlings emerge. When the seedlings are raised, the soil in the nursery must be moist and loose, because the roots of the tea seedlings are closely associated with the soil, so that the seedlings can bring more dirt and less damage to the fine roots. When transplanting, pay attention to the roots stretching, gradually adding soil, stepping down practically so that the soil and the roots of the tea seedlings are closely connected. When the soil is buried more than half of the time, the water is poured to set the roots. After the water infiltrate, continue adding soil until the mud is removed. The phyla is flat (the short stems on the top of the original cuttings are just buried in the soil) and should not be too deep or too shallow. After transplanting, keep 1~2 branches 15cm away from the ground in time to prune for the first time in order to reduce the evaporation of water; in case of drought, pay attention to groundwatering and keep the soil moist to ensure the survival of tea seedlings. . Third, pollution-free tea garden management (a) seedling period management 1, drought, frost and seedling tea seedlings transplanted, to keep the tea garden soil moist. There is no rain within a week. It is best to have 30cm on both sides of the tea seedlings, cover the grass with a thickness of 10cm, and press the crushed soil to keep the water and prevent freezing. It can also prevent the growth of weeds. In addition, the addition of basal fertilizer, roots, roots, irrigation tea gardens, etc. to prevent freezing damage, but also have very good results. 2. Miao Miao Miao new tea garden, generally have varying degrees of lack of plants, must seize the time in the construction of 1 to 2 years will be lack of seedlings fill up, it is best to use the same age tea seedlings, after the replanting to be permeable. 3. Weeding, weeding and fertilizing of tea seedlings before transplanting until the end of April, weeding for the first time with wide weeds, and removing weeds near the tea seedlings by hand; second and third before the drought from the end of June to the first half of August Three times of shallow tillage and weeding, organic fertilizer and water application after shallow ploughing. The method of fertilization is usually the first time in 13~15cm from the tea seedlings, digging 7~10cm depth of the hole, pouring half a scoop of fecal water (50 liters of water against 3 to 4 scoop pig manure or 250~300g ammonium sulfate), then cover. Each can be applied after urea 2.5 ~ 5Kg. 4. Stereotype Pruning (1) First Stereotype Trim When transplanting tea seedlings up to 30cm or more and stems thicker than 3mm, leave 1~2 strong branches at 15~20cm from the ground and cut off the top tips. All teas that do not meet the criteria for first-time pruning are not cut, and are left for the next year. Trimming tools should be pruned with sharp pruning shearing strains, only cut the main branch, do not cut the lateral branches, cut the mouth should be smooth, cut the handle should be short. (2) The second shaping pruning is generally performed one year after the last pruning. Use a pruning shear to increase the size of the first set of trimmed cuts by 15 to 20 cm. Cut the upper shoot tip and cut the height of the tea tree to 30 to 40 cm. Care should be taken when clipping to remove the inner buds and keep the outer buds to encourage the tea tree to branch out and extend, while cutting the pendulous branches and weak branches at the root neck. If the tea grows vigorously, as long as the seedling height reaches the pruning standard, it can be carried out in advance. Conversely, when the second set is pruned, the height of the tea seedling is not standard enough and the pruning should be postponed. (3) The third type of pruning is generally performed after the second pruning one year. If the growth of the tea plants is strong, it can also be advanced. Use a hedge shears to increase 10~15cm on the second cut, that is, cut off the top branch from the ground at 40~55cm from the ground, and use a pruning shear to cut down the penetrating branches and weak branches in the root neck and the tree trunk to promote the normal branch branches. Grow. (II) Management of tea plantation production 1. Fertilization in tea plantation (1) Principles of fertilization 1 Organic fertilizer must be used as the main factor, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer should be used in combination; 2 Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be used in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in young tea gardens. The ratio is 1:2:2, the adult tea garden is better than 2:1:1; 3 The basic fertilizer should be re-applied, the topdressing should be carried out in stages, and the base should be chased once a year; 4 The characteristics of fertilizer should be mastered, and the rational application of fertilizer such as urea should be applied in summer. Can reduce the soil temperature. (2) Fertilizer selection In the production of pollution-free tea, fertilization is the same as the use of pesticides. It is one of the major links that have a great impact on pollution and must be effectively controlled. The pollution-free tea production base should pay attention to the following points in the fertilization process: 1 The type of fertilizer recommended and allowed in the Code should be used as much as possible to allow limited use of some chemically synthesized fertilizers without adverse consequences. ;2 The use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizers is prohibited; 3 Chemical fertilizers must be applied in conjunction with organic fertilizers, the ratio of organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen is preferably 1:1, and approximately 1000 kg of manure is applied with 2 Kg of urea (fertilizer as base fertilizer, urea can be used as base fertilizer or top dressing); The last topdressing must be carried out 30 days before the tea is picked; 4 the foliar fertilizer can be applied one or more times, but the last spraying must be carried out 20 days before tea picking; 5 The use of harmful municipal waste and sludge, hospitals is prohibited The fecal garbage and industrial wastes containing harmful substances, farmyard manure must first be decomposed and achieve pollution-free requirements; 6 use of the advantages of adequate mountainous resources, can accumulate natural green manure and miscellaneous fertilizer, but also in young tea gardens or mountain farmland Green manure. (3) Harmless treatment of organic fertilizers Non-pollution tea gardens are mainly applied for organic fertilization. However, organic fertilizers often contain various pathogens, viruses, parasitic eggs, and bad odors. Therefore, organic fertilizers must be applied before application. No pollution treatment. At present, there are three methods: EM heap rot method, self-made fermentation ripening heap rot method and factory harmless treatment. Here are two methods suitable for our county: 1 EM heap rot method: A, purchase EM liquid, press clean water 100ml , honey or brown sugar 20 ~ 40g, rice vinegar 100ml, shochu (containing 30% ~ 35% alcohol) 100ml, EM liquid 50ml formula made into a stock solution; B, the human and animal feces dried to a moisture content of 30% ~ 40%; C , Take straw, corn stalk, grass, etc., cut into 1.5cm pieces, add a small amount of rice bran mixed evenly, as a compost when the compost; D, the rice and other leavenings and feces by weight 10:100 mix, uniform, On the concrete floor, spread a fertilizer heap about 6m long, about 1.5m wide, and 20 to 30cm thick; E. Spread a thin layer of rice bran or wheat bran on the fertilizer heap, then sprinkle with EM stock solution. 1000Kg of fertilizer is sprinkling 1000-1500ml; F, according to the same method, the second layer is laid on top, and each stack of fertilizer is covered with plastic film after fermentation. When the temperature in the fertilizer heap rises to 45~50°C, it can be turned 3~4 times to complete. After completion, the general fertilizer has many white moldy hairs and a special scent that can be applied at this time. Generally, it takes 7 to 15 days for the summer to process. Spring takes 15 to 25 days, and winter is longer. Too much water in the fertilizer will compost the compost and produce foul smell. 2 homemade fermentation ripening heap rot method: A, preparation of fermented ripening powder. Prepare the required raw materials: rice bran (variety of rice bran, rice bran, etc.), oil cake (rape cake, peanut cake, castor cake, etc.), bean cypress (residue after processing bean curd and other soybean products), sugar ( All kinds of sugars and sugar-containing substances can be), mud or black charcoal powder or zeolite powder and yeast powder, and 14.5% by rice bran, 14.0% oil cake, 13.0% by bean, 8.0% by sugar, 50.0% by water, yeast Powder 0.5% ratio formula. The sugar is first added to the water, stirred and dissolved, and the rice bran, oil cake, and bean cypress are added, and the mixture is pulverized after being mixed thoroughly, and fermented at a temperature of 60° C. or more for 30 to 50 days. Then use black charcoal powder or zeolite powder to mix and dilute in a weight ratio of 1:1, carefully stir and serve. B, compost production. First dried the feces to a moisture content of 30% to 40%. The feces and rice straw (chopped) and other leavenings are mixed at a weight of 100:10, and 1 kg of ripening powder is added per 100 kg of the mixed fertilizer, and the mixture is well mixed and then piled up in the composting chamber to a height of 1.5 to 2.0 m for composting. Fermentation maturity. During this period, according to the change in the temperature of the compost, the maturity of compost fermentation can be determined. When the temperature is 15°C, the temperature at the 30cm below the compost surface can reach 70°C on the 3rd day after the accumulation. After 10 days of accumulation, the 1st turnover can be carried out. When the mixture is turned over, the temperature below the surface of the compost can reach 80°C. Almost odorless. The second tumble blending was performed 10 days after the first tumble blending. When the tumble blending was performed, the temperature at 30 cm below the surface of the compost was 60°C. After another 10 days, the temperature at the 30cm below the compost surface was 40°C during the third round of mixing, the temperature after the blending was 30°C, and the moisture content was about 30%. After that, the mixture was not turned over again and was waiting for ripening. After being cooked for 3 to 5 days, up to 10 days. After ripening is completed, the compost is made. This high-temperature heap rot can kill fecal eggs and weed seeds, and E. coli can be greatly reduced to achieve the purpose of harmless treatment of organic fertilizers. (4) Fertilization techniques 1 Base fertilizer and its application A. Base fertilizer application period: Generally, it is better to apply basal fertilizer immediately after stopping the growth in the above-ground part of the tea plant. It is advisable to use it sooner rather than later. After the combination of basal fertilizer, deep plowing in the tea plantation will help the normal budding of the overwintering buds. Root growth and wintering lay a good foundation for prolific quality fresh leaves in early spring. My county applies basal fertilizer from October to mid-November. B. The amount of basal fertilizer: The annual average of 470Kg of organic fertilizer is applied to young tea plantations, and 50 to 100Kg of cake fertilizer, 25Kg of superphosphate and 15Kg of potassium sulfate are added to conditions; the tea plantation is put into operation, and the average annual application rate of organic fertilizer is 1500~2500Kg. , And combine cake fertilizer 100 ~ 150Kg, superphosphate 25 ~ 50Kg, potassium sulfate 15 ~ 25Kg. C. Fertilization method: Basal fertilizer should be applied deeply. In mature tea gardens, usually the trenches are fertilized in the vertical downward position on the edges of the tea bushes, and can also be ditched alternately. Every year, the position is changed, left and right, and the depth of the ditch is 20 to 30 cm; young tea plantations are planted by seedlings, and the fertilization point is at a distance. Neck: The first and second year of the tea tree is 5~10cm, and the third and fourth year tea trees are 10~15cm and the depth is 15~25cm. 3 Topdressing and its application The main function of topdressing tea gardens is to continuously supplement the needs of nutrients during the growth and development of tea plants, so as to further promote the growth of new shoots and achieve sustained high yields. Top dressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer. A. Times and Times: The topdressing of tea gardens is generally applied more than 3 times. The first top dressing was called germination fertilizer. Fertilization was generally carried out when the tea tree was overwinter and budding scales were in early exhibition, that is, in mid-February; the second top dressing was performed after the end of spring tea; the third top dressing was performed after summer tea. If there are many rounds of tea planting and the tea picking season is long, the frequency of topdressing may be increased in combination with local conditions. However, there are spring or dry tea gardens, and no topdressing can be applied during the dry season. It should be carried out before or after drought. B. Top dressing application amount: Mainly available chemical nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of which depends on the age of the tree and the yield of fresh tea leaves. Young tea trees, usually 1 to 2 years old. Pure nitrogen 2.5-5.0Kg per acre (ie ammonium sulfate 12.5 ~ 25Kg or so). The top-dressing tea plantation fertilizer application rate is based on fresh leaf yield. The fresh leaves per acre are 100~200Kg, and the annual application of pure nitrogen is 7.5Kg; the fresh leaves are 200~400Kg, and the pure nitrogen is 7.5~10Kg/acre; the fresh leaves are 600Kg. , Pure nitrogen 15Kg per acre. The top-dressing distribution ratio is generally 4:3:3 or 2:1:1 for different periods of the year. If only spring tea and summer tea are collected, the tea area of ​​autumn tea is not collected, and the ratio of 7:3 can be allocated. C. Fertilization method: Fertilization site is the same as basal fertilizer. Such as the application of ammonium sulfate, urea, potash, etc. for top dressing, ditch depth of about 5cm; if the application of volatile ammonium carbonate and other fertilizers, ditch depth of about 10cm, top dressing immediately after the application of soil. 4 Extra-root top-dressing topdressing is the use of tea tree leaves to absorb nutrients characteristics of the tea leaf surface fertilization, with rapid absorption and adequate, and increased yield, while also combining the characteristics of pest control. A. Number of times and time: Generally 3 to 4 times a year. Spraying time should be carried out in the evening, early morning or cloudy days. No foliar fertilizers can be sprayed in the afternoon, because the high-temperature exposure will burn the leaves of the tea tree and cause fertilizer damage. B. Fertilizer dosage: The concentration of top-dressing fertilizer should be appropriate, and it should not be thick enough. The general concentration is 1~2% of ammonium sulfate, 0.5~1% of urea, 1~2% of superphosphate, 0.5~1% of potassium sulfate, 50ppm of zinc sulfate, 0.01% of manganese sulfate, and human fecal urine 10 to 15 %. C. Application method: spray before spraying should be fully mixed, spraying foliar fertilizer on both sides of the leaves should be sprayed at the same time, with particular attention should be paid to spraying on the back of leaves, because the absorption capacity of the back of the leaf is more than 5 times higher than the positive. And pay attention to the application of mixed pesticides, application of acidic fertilizers with acidic pesticides, alkaline fertilizers with alkaline pesticides. 2. The tea plantation cultivated tea plantation can promptly weed the weeds in the soil, avoid weeds and tea trees from competing for water and fertilizer, and increase the soil fertility. Moreover, cultivation can increase the gap in the tea garden soil, improve soil physical and chemical properties, and cut off the soil. Superficial capillaries reduce evaporation of soil moisture and increase soil water storage capacity. Therefore, in our country's tea region, there are "7 gold digging and 8 silver digging" agricultural lands to illustrate the importance of rational cultivation of tea gardens. (1) Shallow cultivators generally perform shallow tillage and weeding before topdressing, 3 to 5 times a year, of which three are essential. The first shallow ploughing is performed before the spring tea (about mid-February), the depth is 10~15cm; the second shallow ploughing is done after the spring tea is finished (around the middle of May), the depth is 10cm; the third shallow ploughing is in the summer After the tea is over (from late June to early July), the depth is 7~8cm. If the tea production season is long, we should increase the number of weeds by 1 or 2 times depending on the occurrence of weeds. Especially in August and September, when the temperature is high, weeds will grow more seeds and seeds, and we must grab flowers in autumn before the vegetation blooms. Eliminate completely and reduce the occurrence of weeds in the second year. (2) Deep plowing and deep plowing are mainly improved and matured soils, often combined with deep base fertilizers. Deep plowing time is generally at the end of the tea season, which is conducive to the recovery of roots damaged by deep plowing. Deep plowing requires more than 20cm, young tea gardens can be combined with fertilization ditch at the same time in the base fertilizer, deep plowing between lines, the ditch depth requires about 30cm. The fertilization furrows of young tea trees from 1 to 2 years should be 20 to 30 cm away from the tea tree. Afterwards, the distance between the fertilization ditch and the tea tree increases as the tree width increases. Horizontal stepping tea gardens, fertilization ditch are all opened on the inside of the tea line, and after the end of fertilization, deep plowing is carried out during cover soil. The deep plowing of mature tea plantation was conducted in combination with the application of base fertilizer. The depth and breadth of the base fertilizer were about 30 cm each, which is also the range of deep plowing between the rows, while shallow ploughing was performed on both sides of the base fertilizer ditch so as not to excessively damage the root system. The cultivation depth of aging tea gardens should be increased to 30-50cm and width 50cm to promote the renewal and rejuvenation of the aging tea garden. 3. Weeding in tea gardens (1) Physical weeding: Weeding and weeding mainly through tea plantations. 2 Chemical Weeding: In our county, 41% of Gunda 150~200ml/mu, 74.4% of farmers' happiness 100~150g/mu, and 41% of Dalinong 150~200ml/mu. 4. Tea tree pruning (1) Light pruning The main purpose of light pruning is to stimulate tea bud germination, release the suppression of lateral buds on the top buds, make the canopy neat and smooth, regulate the number and robustness of production branches, and facilitate picking and management. The pruning time is carried out from late October to early November after the autumn tea is stopped. The pruning method is to improve 3-6 cm each time the pruning is done. The pruning should be light and should not be heavy, otherwise the spring tea production period will be postponed and the spring will be delayed. Reduced tea production. (2) Deep pruning Due to the harvesting of fresh leaves for many years, the dense and delicate branching of the tea tree canopy results in the thinning of the tender shoots, the increase of the number of clips, and the decrease of yield and quality of the fresh leaves. The picking surface is increased year by year, which is not conducive to tea picking. At this time, the use of light pruning can not achieve the purpose of improving yield and quality. Every 3 to 5 years, a deep pruning is performed. The thin branches 10 to 15 cm above the canopy are cut off, and then the weak branches in the tea plant are removed with a pruning shear. , diseased branches, dead branches, and drooping branches. Deep pruning is generally performed after the end of autumn tea. In order to reduce the economic loss of the year, it can also be performed after the end of spring tea. After cutting, you must keep a quarter of spring or summer tea before you can pick tea. (3) Heavy pruning After many years of pruning and pruning, the upper branches of the crown are relatively old, have poor germination capacity, are thin and small, and increase the number of clips. The “chicken claws” are numerous and pale, and have more flowering and more significant yields, even if it is strengthened. Management or deep pruning also does not have a good economic effect, but the backbone of the lower part of the tea tree is still strong, you can use heavy pruning to update and rejuvenate. Heavy pruning height is generally reduced by 1/3 to 1/2 of the canopy, and is preferably 30 to 40 cm above the ground. All upper branches are cut off and the weak branches, dead branches, and drooping branches in the tree canopy are removed. A small number of strong branches serve the growth of tea trees. Heavy pruning is usually performed before spring tea or after spring tea. The new shoots sent after the cut did not pick, and in November trimming cuts increased by 7~10cm. From the second year after pruning, leaves can be properly picked and then lightly trimmed at the end of autumn tea (increased 7 to 10 cm on the last cut). When the tree height is more than 70cm, it can be put into production. (4) Taiqi tea trees are old, the tree vigor is very old, the main trunk is white, the branches and leaves are scarce, the buds have poor fertility, the parasitic moss and lichen, the yield is very low, and the pruning cannot increase the yield. Update. Taiwan gongs generally cut all the upper branches with a taiji shear or a hatchet at a height of 5~10cm from the ground. Be careful to cut the mouth to be smooth, so that it quickly forms a layer of film to prevent rain erosion, it is best to choose a sunny platform, the bigger the sun, the better. During Taiwan and Chongqing, it can be carried out from March to August, preferably before spring tea. After the stage chanting, when the new shoots grow to about 40cm, they should be pruned for the first time, that is, 35~40cm above the ground, and the upper branches and leaves should be cut off. When the new branches grow to 60cm, they will increase 5~10cm on the last cut. Perform a second shaping trim. After the combination of light pruning, leaving leaves topping and other measures to cultivate the crown. 5, tea plantation grass planting tea garden can prevent erosion of water and soil, inhibit the growth of weeds, stabilize soil temperature, moisture conservation, increase soil organic matter, have a significant effect on improving tea yield and quality. The time for laying grass in the tea plantation can generally be carried out throughout the year, but it is best to be in August in the summer. At this time, weeds flourish and there are many grasses, and some summer flowering weeds have not yet been seeded, or grass seeds are not mature yet, causing no further growth in weeds in tea gardens. Before cultivating the grass, first cultivate and fertilize, and then use the grass manuscript about 1,000 kg of grass per mu to spread the grass perpendicularly to the tea, and then use the soil to compact both ends. The grass thickness is about 12cm. , Then manage it as usual. IV. Pest prevention and control of pollution-free tea gardens (I) Agricultural control 1. The timely picking of tea tree shoots in batches is a variety of major pests and diseases, such as tea cake disease, tea bud blight disease, false eye small green leafhopper, tea plantation line, Tea orange locusts and other activities, feeding and breeding sites. Therefore, picking multiple batches in time is not only an important measure to ensure the quality of tea, but also can directly control these pests. 2. Reasonable pruning Because the density of the top layer of the tea tree canopy is relatively high, most tea plant pests are distributed on the canopy of the tea tree. With the pruning, the pests on the pruning part will be cut off. At the same time, in combination with light pruning, cut off the sporadic distribution of borer pests, tea-tip moths, tea longhorn beetles, tea aphids, and cluster moths, as well as branch diseases, tea spot black spot disease, tea plaster disease, Moss, lichen and other pests. 3, Shuziqing Park Black locust whitefly and other pests like to harm in the crypts or leggy branches of the lower part of the tea bush. When these pests occur more often, they will go through the sparse (scissors) and go to the dense branches and leggy branches of the lower part of the tea bushes. To promote good ventilation in tea gardens and remove litter on the base of tea bushes, etc., to reduce hazards. Generally, the sparse branches and gardens are combined with winter tillage and fertilization, and the removed foliage is buried in a fertilization ditch, or other treatments are performed to reduce the source of the pests and diseases. 4. Cultivating and weeding deep plowing can cause diseases and insects to die due to mechanical damage, drying, or sun exposure. It is especially effective against soil-borne pests. In autumn, deep plowing can deeply bury various pathogens such as burrowing earthworms, moths of moths, larvae of the larvae, and nematodes, etc., while exposing the wintering pests, such as ground tigers, in the deep soil to the soil surface. Cause death due to unfavorable weather or natural enemies, or directly cause mechanical damage to death. In combination with basal fertilization in winter for deep cultivating soil, pests in rhizosphere soil can not be excavated. Weeds are often hiding and feeding places for omnivorous pests such as scorpion bugs and false eyelids, and weeding can reduce pests and diseases. 5. Water management drought is the cause of diseases such as red leaf spot disease, leaf blight, blight disease, tea short beard, etc. Especially in high temperature season, the tea tree roots require large amounts of water, drought causes the tea tree to be weak, and the above-mentioned diseases and pests are severe. Irrigation and replenishment are effective measures to prevent and treat such pests and diseases. However, when the soil moisture is too large and the water is too much, it will be unfavorable to the root growth of the tea tree, which often causes the occurrence and spread of various root and stem diseases such as tea red root rot and red rust algae. Therefore, in the rainy season, it is necessary to do a good job of preventing moisture and draining water in some places that are prone to water accumulation. 6. Reasonable fertilization Reasonable fertilization can improve the nutritional condition of tea tree, improve tea plant resistance to pests and diseases, and compensation ability. It can also change soil properties to deteriorate the living environment of some pests and even directly cause pest death. Such as the application of organic nitrogen fertilizer can increase the resistance of tea tree orange borer, phosphate rock powder for the top dressing, has a killing effect on spider mites. (II) Physical and mechanical prevention and control 1. Hunting or removal of insects that are large in size such as tea caterpillars, tea silkworms, codling moths, and codling moths, etc., are relatively slow in action, easily found, easily captured, or clustered pests can be artificially adopted. The method of killing; For insects with false dead habits such as green and brown patterns, they should be taken with utensils while shaking down; for dead pests, they can be assassinated; for many diseases, sick leaves, cut branches or sick branches can be removed; Lichen and moss can be scraped off after the rain with a semi-circular side knife. 2. Light traps kill tea plant pests, most of which are lepidopteran pests. Most of them have phototaxis. The electric light, black light or black light plus electric light can be used as a light source for trapping and killing, among which the black light trapping effect is better. 3, food trapping or brigade killing use the chemotaxis of pests, can be used to trap pests, or add pesticides to trap and kill pests. Such as sweet and sour venom traps kill leaf roller moths, poison Valley trap and kill earthworms, grass traps to trap the ground tiger, sex hormones to collect small leaf roller moth, tea feet, etc.. (III) Biological control 1. Insect pest control is a method of controlling pests by using parasitic insects and predatory insects (or predatory mites). Parasitic insects are common ladybugs, grasshoppers and predatory blind fleas. Production can also be controlled by artificial breeding of these natural enemies, insects, cockroaches, and spiders, and release them at the appropriate time. 2. Viruses are used to treat the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (such as tea-footworm NPV) and granulosis virus (such as tea leaf roller moth GV). They have the advantages of long effective period, low effective dose, and environmental safety. . However, the virus has strong specificity against pests and is slow to take effect. It is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and loses its vitality in direct sunlight. Therefore, it must be used on a cloudy day. 3. The use of bacteria to treat insect pests is a method of using beneficial bacteria, fungi or actinomycetes and certain metabolites to control pests and diseases. Common Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) preparations prevent and control larvae of Lepidoptera pests such as tea caterpillars, moths and tea silkworms; Beauveria bassiana is used to control tea leaf roller moths, tea caterpillars, quercus terrestris, tea silkworms, etc.; The spores prevent black locust mites. A variety of antibiotics can also be used to prevent tea disease, such as increasing the production of bacteria can inhibit tea bud blight, tea leaf sheath blight and other diseases; the application of 5460 bacterial fertilizer to prevent root disease; with the prevention of root rot of tea tree with Trichoderma. 4. Reasonable use of pesticides When the three methods of agricultural control, physical, mechanical control and biological control cannot effectively control pests and diseases, the types of pesticides designated by the Bureau of Agriculture can be used. The following points should be noted in use: (1) Investigation of insect pests, non-prescription treatment that can be used for treatment, and non-use of pesticides that do not meet prevention and control targets; (2) Advocating targeted application of pesticides with effective low-volume and small-aperture spray jets; (3) Selection of several control targets for the selection of pesticides. All effective pesticides, or mixed pesticides, in order to achieve the primary and secondary pests and the purpose of governance; (4) promote the rational use of mixed, delay the development of resistance. 5. Main Tea Plant Diseases and Insect Pests in Our County (see Table 1 and Table 2) V. Fresh-leaf Picking and Management (I) Fresh-leaf Picking Technology 1. Picking and picking famous tea raw materials according to standards, generally picking one bud and one leaf Or buds and leaves of two buds in the early development of buds, and some even take only one tea bud; system of bulk green tea, generally to pick a bud and two leaves, and take a bud with three leaves and the same tenderness of the clip. 2. Mining in time when 5% of the general tea is harvested to the picking standard, 10% to 15% of the bulk spring tea reaches the picking standard, and 10% of the summer tea falls to the picking standard. Picking cycle is generally 2 to 3 days for tea, 4 to 6 days for spring tea, and 6 to 8 days for tea in summer and autumn. 3, leaving leaf mining generally use the year to leave fish leaves or spring and summer tea to leave fish leaves, autumn leaves leave a leaf mining. In the production practice, tea trees are often used to keep leaves in a proper state. That is, the crown leaves are closely connected with each other, and it is not appropriate to see the exposed branches. (2) Fresh leaves picked and transported from fresh leaves shall be transported to the tea processing factory in time and shall be placed in a clean and cool house as soon as possible after acceptance by a specialist. Containers for transporting fresh leaves are made of bamboo baskets with good air permeability and cleanliness. The capacity of the baskets is 50 to 100 Kg, and it is avoided during transportation to reduce damage. The general requirement is to enter the factory within 4 hours after picking the fresh leaves. If they cannot be sent to the tea factory in time, they must avoid the sun and the rain, put them in a clean and ventilated place, and then send them to the processing factory as soon as possible. VI. Pollution-free tea processing technology (1) Environment, facilities and health management of tea processing factories 1. Tea factory environmental and health requirements Tea factory should be built on high ground, fresh air, far away from residential areas, no pollution, and Other factories and potential sources of pollution dominate the wind direction throughout the year and should pay attention to the greening, purification and beautification around the plant to raise the hygiene standards. The tea factory workshops and workshops should be rationally laid out in accordance with the tea production process, and environmental protection facilities should be established in accordance with national food hygiene standards. The storage room shall be equipped with a ventilation fan to keep the air fresh, and the processing workshop shall be equipped with exhaust and dust removal devices; the workshop and equipment shall be frequently cleaned and kept clean. 2. Processing equipment requirements Machines, utensils and other equipment used for pollution-free tea processing must be made of materials that do not contain contaminants. During the processing and after the processing is completed, all equipment and sites should be kept clean and hygienic. Wash often. 3. The tea plant health management tea factory shall formulate the sanitation implementation rules and regulations of the factory according to the actual situation of tea production and the relevant national standards; the personnel engaged in tea processing and packaging must be trained in tea making technology and food hygiene knowledge. After passing the health examination and obtaining the health certificate, they will be allowed to take up posts. They should experience and pay attention to personal hygiene on a regular basis. It is strictly forbidden to bring items unrelated to production into the processing place, strictly follow the processing procedures and food hygiene regulations, and ensure the quality and sanitation of processed tea. . (2) Fresh leaf management The fresh leaves entering the factory must come from the pollution-free tea production base. Strictly implement the acceptance system. The quality and grade of raw materials should be assigned to the state's relevant tea quality standards, and timely storage and greening should be performed, and special management should be conducted; Green room should be clean, cool, ventilated and dry, prevent pollution of waste gas and waste, and prevent fresh leaves from becoming red-hot. Fresh red leaves or other contaminated leaves should be removed from fresh leaves and must not be used to make tea. (3) The tea product processing tea factory shall, in accordance with the actual production, formulate the "non-environmental pollution tea processing operation regulations" that conforms to the technological requirements of tea production, in order to standardize the processes of spreading, fixing, rubbing, drying, etc. so that there are rules to follow. To ensure and stabilize the quality of tea. Tea processing should use as much as possible continuous production, automation and other modern production methods to achieve closed operations and reduce the possibility of direct contact with the tea causing pollution. To prevent pollution-free tea leaves and ordinary fresh leaf raw materials mixed distribution and processing. It is also forbidden to use synthetic food additives, synthetic pigments and other additives during processing. The tea factory must be equipped with qualified quality inspectors and configure the instruments and equipment required for inspection according to the requirements of the inspection work. Each batch of products should be tested for sensory quality and physical and chemical items according to the pollution-free tea standard. . In case of failure, raw materials cannot be put into production, and products cannot be sold in the factory.七、无公害茶叶的后续管理（一）包装接触茶叶的所有包装材料要符合食品卫生的有关规定，必须无毒无害、无异味、不含有萤光和放射性等物质，要求干燥、防潮、阻氧等，能保持茶叶品质。包装过程要严防茶叶受外界污染。允许使用氮气作为包装填充剂，并可采用真空处理。成品茶必须附有标签，标签内容必须符合GB7718－94《食品标签通用标准》的规定。 （二）运输运输工具必须清洁、干燥、无异味、无污染，运输中应防雨、防潮、防曝晒、防污染，严禁与有毒、有异味等损害茶叶品质的货物混装运输。 （三）贮藏贮藏茶叶的仓库必须干燥、清洁卫生、无异味，并保持通风干燥。产品不得与有毒、有害、有异味、易污染的物品混放，并远离污染源。贮藏的茶叶必须保持干燥，茶叶含水量应符合要求。仓库内配备去湿机或其它去湿材料。若用生石灰作为茶叶的防潮去湿物品时，应避免茶叶与生石灰接触，并定期更换。为保持茶叶品质，延长货加期。提倡对无公害茶叶采用除氧包装（除氧剂、抽气充氮等）、低温冷藏保存。无公害茶叶和普通茶叶应分别贮藏。表一我县茶树主要害虫、为害部位、防治时期和防治方法害虫名称为害部位防治时期防治方法假眼小绿叶蝉吸食嫩叶、茎汁液5~6月和8~9月若虫高峰期，百叶虫口：夏茶5、6头，秋茶大于10头，施药防治。 1、分批、分次采摘或采取轻修剪的方法消灭虫卵。 2、加强田间管理，及时除草。 3、药物防治：苏云金杆菌75~100ml(800~1000倍)、2.5%鱼藤酮150~200ml(300~500倍)、亩用天王星30ml或吡虫啉一包兑90斤水喷雾。茶蚜茶树芽梢5月上中旬和9月下旬~10月中旬是发生高峰期，当百叶达20头时，施药防治。 1、及时分批、分次采摘，可移除大多数虫体并恶化其生存环境。 2、人工放养或助迁天敌如瓢虫、草岭等。 3、保护天敌寄生峰。 4、药物防治：2.5%鱼藤酮150ml(500倍)、亩用一包抗蚜威或大功臣兑水80斤喷雾。黑刺粉虱吸食叶片背面汁液4月上旬5月下旬和9月上中旬10下旬是发生高峰期，当百叶虫口达200头时，施药防治。 1、加强茶园管理，及时修剪、疏枝、清除田间杂草，改善茶园通风透光条件。 2、喷施韦伯虫座孢菌或人工助迁病枝。 3、保护天敌。 4、药物防治：粉虱真菌制剂（每ml含孢子2~3亿）、10％吡虫啉25~30g (2000~3000倍)、亩用大功巨一包兑水80斤喷雾。茶叶螨类吸食叶片汁液在5月中旬和8月下旬~9月上旬发现个别枝条上的叶片无光泽、变色，叶背主脉变红或叶正面有细蛛丝，少数叶片呈现褐色锈斑的点片时，施药防治。 1、及时分批多次采摘或采取修剪的方法去除螨体。 2、苗圃地可采取大量喷洒清水的方法冲刷螨体。 3、加强肥培管理，增加叶片含氮量，增强树势，提高抗虫能力。 4、秋季封园可喷施0.5波美波的石硫合剂。 5、药物防治：亩用天王星30ml或虫螨克20ml兑水90斤喷雾。表二我县茶树主要病害名称、侵染部位、主要症状、防治时期及防治方法病害名称侵染部位和主要症状防治时期防治方法茶饼病为害嫩叶、茎、花、果，病斑圆形，正面凹陷，淡黄褐色，背面突起呈馒头状，上生白色或淡红色粉未。春秋季为发病期。芽梢发病率大于35％即施药防治。 1、加强茶园管理，勤中耕除草，及时采摘、修剪，使茶园通风透光。 2、合理施肥，适当增施磷、钾肥，尤其要注意有机肥和无机肥结合施，以增强树势，提高抗病能力。 3、药物防治：亩用农用链霉素20g或宁南霉素30ml兑水100斤喷雾、非采摘期用0.6%~1%石灰半量式波尔多液。茶云纹叶枯病主要为害成、老叶，也可引起梢枯。病斑不规则形，大型，深浅褐色相间，有波状轮纹，上生灰黑色扁平小粒点。 6月和8~9月是发病高峰期，当叶发病率10%~15%时，施药防治。 1、加强茶园管理，勤耕锄，合理施肥，及时采摘，去除病枝。 2、药物防治：亩用广枯灵50ml兑水100斤，或非采摘期用0.6%~1%石灰半量式波尔多液。茶褐色叶斑病主要发生于成叶的叶缘或其它部位。初期生红褐色小斑，以后病斑扩大成为半圆形的暗褐色斑块，病斑正面散生有点点灰霉。 5月中旬和9月~10月为发病高峰期。 1、加强茶园管理，摘除病叶，减少侵染来源。 2、合理施肥，增强树势，提高抗病能力。 3、药物防治：喷用50%托布津或50%多苗灵75~100g（800~1000倍），或非采摘期用0.6%~0.7%石灰半量式波尔多液。茶苗茎枯病主要为害短穗扦插的苗圃，严重时叶片死亡，被害茶苗近地面的茎基部初期为褐色，皮层腐烂，2~3月后苗木枯死。 4~5月的雨季和秋季是发病高峰期。 1、发病苗圃在移栽后，如需继续连作的，必须在原来的苗床上重新铺上一层心土（压紧后的厚度为3cm）。 2、药物防治：在4月中旬和8月中下旬的发病期喷0.7%石灰半量式波尔多液。附一怎样熬制和使用石硫合剂首先将硫磺粉碾细、过筛，将生石灰放上少量水化开，然后按石灰1份、硫磺2份、水10份的比例把石灰放入水中熬煮，待煮开后慢慢地一边搅拌一边加入细硫磺粉。当水煮开45~60分钟，待锅边水泡呈现绿色，药液表面出现白色膜，颜色由黄白变成酱油色时，熄火收锅。稍冷后趁势过滤去渣。并用波美度比重计测定浓度，然后再装入瓶或缸内严密封存备用。使用时，按所需浓度与现有原液浓度查表，得加水稀释数，加水稀释后即可喷施。注意：配制石硫合剂时，首先必须把硫磺粉碾细过筛，生石灰一定要选块状的优质石灰。储藏中要封闭，可加入少许矿物油，使之与空气隔绝。使用时一定要根据不同季节按用药要求浓度查表稀释，不得与波尔多液、松脂合剂、油乳剂等混用。它主要防治蚧类、粉虱、螨类的越冬虫口以及茶树叶病和茎杆病害。只限于秋季停采后茶园使用。附二怎样配制波尔多液波尔多液有几种不同的配制法。一种叫石灰半量式，一种叫石灰等量式，还有石灰倍量式、石灰多量式配方。它们是以石灰加入量的不同而制成的。石灰半量式：硫酸铜500g∶石灰250g∶水50~100Kg石灰等量式：硫酸铜500g∶石灰500g∶水50~100Kg石灰倍量式：硫酸铜500g∶石灰1500~2500g∶水50~100Kg配制时估计用多少水，按需要量随配随用，不要久放。配制方法：先用少许水将硫酸铜与生石灰分别溶解，过滤去杂质，然后按所需倍式分别加水在两个不同的木桶中，再将两个木桶中的药液同时倒入缸或木桶中，边倒边搅拌，使之呈天蓝色悬浮液即成。茶园中一般用0.6%~0.7%石灰半量式波尔多液主要防治云纹叶枯病、轮斑病、褐色叶斑病等多种叶部病害和地衣、苔藓类，它宜用在非采茶季节或茶季间隙期，安全间隔期为25天。注意：不要使用金属容器溶解硫酸铜。随配随用，配制好的波尔多液不要再加水稀释。硫酸铜要从高处倒入石灰溶液中，使混合液翻腾，加以搅拌后效果更好。波尔多液应在茶树发病之初喷施，药效可保持半个月左右。可与筹敌百虫混用，但混合应立即喷施，以便兼治害虫，但不能和肥皂、松脂合剂、石硫合剂混用。附三茶园适用农药品种类别适用品种杀虫剂有机磷辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷、敌敌畏、亚胺硫磷、乐果、毒死蜱有机氯赛丹拟除虫菊脂溴氰菊脂、氯菊脂、氯氰菊脂、联苯菊脂、功夫菊脂有机氮巴丹昆虫生长调节剂除虫脲、优乐得植物源苦参碱（虫杀净）、鱼藤酮硝基亚甲基吡虫啉微生物源苏云金杆菌、白僵菌杀螨剂克螨特、四螨嗪、灭螨灵（速螨酮）杀菌剂百菌清、甲基托布津、多菌灵除草剂草甘磷、百草枯、茅草枯附四茶园禁止使用的农药品种农药种类农药名称禁用原因无机砷杀菌剂砷酸钙、砷酸铅高毒无机锡杀菌剂甲基胂酸锌（稻脚青）、甲基胂酸铵（田安）、福美甲胂、福美胂高残留有机锡杀菌剂薯瘟锡（毒菌锡）、三苯基醋酸锡、三苯基氯化锡、氯化锡高残留、慢性毒性有机汞杀菌剂氯化乙基汞（西力生）、醋酸苯汞（赛力散）剧 、高残留有机杂环类敌枯双致畸氟制剂氟化钙、氟化钠、氟化酸钠、氟乙酰胺、氟铝酸钠剧毒、高残留、易药害有机氯杀虫剂DDT、六六六、林丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、五氯酚钠、硫丹高残留有机氯杀螨剂三氯杀螨醇工业品含有一定数量DDT卤代烷类熏蒸杀虫剂二溴乙烷、二溴氯丙烷、溴甲烷致癌、致畸有机磷杀虫剂水胺硫磷、甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷（甲基1605）、对硫磷、甲拌磷、乙拌磷、甲基异柳磷、久效磷、磷胺、地虫磷（大风雷）、氧化乐果、速扑杀、灭多威（万灵）、涕灭威、内吸磷高毒、高残留氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂克百威（呋喃丹）、丁（丙）硫克百威、涕灭威高毒二甲基甲脒类杀虫杀螨剂杀虫脒慢性毒性、致畸拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂氰戊菊酯及其配制剂高残留取代苯杀虫杀菌剂五氯硝基苯、稻瘟醇（五氯苯甲醇）、苯菌灵（苯莱特 致癌、药害二苯醚类除草剂除草醚、草枯醚慢性毒

Pain Relief Patch(Pain Areas)

Pain Relief Patch
[Name] Medical Cold Patch
[Package Dimension] 6cm×8cm 4pieces/box
The pain relief patch is composed of three layers, namely, backing lining, middle gel and protective film. It is free from pharmacological, immunological or metabolic ingredients.
[Scope of Application]
For cold physiotherapy, closed soft tissue only.
[Indications]
The patches give fast acting pain relief for strains, sprains, cramp, bruises, swollen areas or joint stiffness.
[How To Use a Patch]
Please follow the Schematic Diagram. One piece, one time.
The curing effect of each piece can last for 6-8 hours.
[Attention]
Do not apply the patch on the problematic skin, such as wounds, eczema, dermatitis,or in the eyes. People allergic to herbs and the pregnant are advised not to use the medication. If swelling or irritation occurs, please stop using and if any of these effects persist or worsen.notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Children using the patch must be supervised by adults.
[Storage Conditions]
Store below 30c in a dry place away from heat and direct sunlight.

Pain Relief Patch(Pain Areas),Shouler Pain Relief Patch,Joints Pain Relief Patch, Muscle Pain Relief Patch

Shandong XiJieYiTong International Trade Co.,Ltd. , https://www.xjplaster.com